Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate

the correct answer to each of the questions.

You can usually tell when your friends are happy or angry by the looks on their faces or by their

actions. This is useful because reading their emotional expressions helps you to know how to

respond to them. Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey

our intentions to others. But does raising the eyebrows and rounding the mouth say the same

thing in Minneapolis as it does in Madagascar? Much research on emotional expressions has

centered on such questions.

According to Paul Ekman, the leading researcher in this area, people speak and understand

substantially the same "facial language". Studies by Ekman's group have demonstrated that

humans share a set of universal emotional expressions that testify to the common biological

heritage of the human species. Smiles, for example, signal happiness and frowns indicate sadness

on the faces of people in such far- flung places as Argentina, Japan, Spain, Hungary, Poland ,

Sumatra ,the United States, Vietnam, the jungles of New Guinea , and the Eskimo villages north

of Artic Circle. Ekman and his colleagues claim that people everywhere can recognize at least

seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise. There are,

however, huge differences across cultures in both the context and intensity of emotional displays

- the so called display rules. In many Asian cultures, for example, children are taught to control

emotional responses - especially negative ones- while many American children are encouraged

to express their feelings more openly. Regardless of culture, however, emotions usually show

themselves, to some degree , in people's behavior. From their first days of life, babies produce

facial expressions that communicate their feelings.

The ability to read facial expressions develops early, too. Very young children pay close

attention to facial expressions, and by age five, they nearly equal adults in their skill at reading

emotions on people's faces. This evidence all points to a biological underpinning for our abilities

to express and interpret a basic set of human emotions. Moreover, as Charles Darwin pointed out

over a century ago, some emotional expressions seem to appear across species boundaries. Cross

- cultural psychologists tell us that certain emotional responses carry different meanings in

different cultures. For example, what emotion do you suppose might be conveyed by sticking out

your tongue? For Americans, this might indicate disgust, while in China it can signify surprise.

Likewise, a grin on

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